A new species in the <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> complex reveals new evolutionary relationships between vector and non-vector species

Abstract Complexes of closely related species provide key insights about the rapid and independent evolution of adaptive traits. Here, we described and studied a presumably new species in the Anopheles gambiae complex, Anopheles fontenillei , recently discovered in the forested areas of Gabon, Central Africa. Our analysis placed the new taxon in the phylogenetic tree of the An. gambiae complex, revealing important introgression events with other members of the complex. In particular, we detected recent introgression with An. gambiae and An. coluzzii of genes directly involved in vectorial capacity. Moreover, genome analysis of the new species also allowed us to resolve the evolutionary history of inversion 3La. Overall, Anopheles fontenillei has implemented our understanding about the relationship of species within the gambiae complex and provides insight into the evolution of vectorial capacity traits, relevant for the successful control of malaria in Africa.