Advancing remote sensing methods to monitor wildlife

Historically, natural history museums have collected and preserved specimens to provide data on the occurrence and distribution of wildlife populations. Zoologists still track animals by recording footprints, collecting dung and spoor and observing, recording and quantifying behaviour from the ground. However, these traditional observational techniques allow only a few populations to be monitored at once at limited spatial scales and disturbance from the ground can disrupt observation of natural behaviour. We are now in a golden age of technological advances and are able to remotely monitor and track wildlife via a variety of electronic sensors. Significant questions remain about how best to methodologically apply these new technologies for the purposes of wildlife monitoring. In this thesis, I consider challenges of using Earth observation satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to track wildlife and understand movement in relation to the expanding human footprint and anthropogenic risk. Specifically: (i) I collate and analyse spatially explicit data on the distribution of illegal hunting incidences via a systematic map. I show that hunting increases in proximity to roads, water bodies, and human settlement areas and there is a considerable lack of systematically collected quantitative data. (ii) I investigate acoustic disturbance to understand anthrophony from the species perspective. I create a mitigation method applied in the case of UAV noise using species weighted audiograms (iii) I test whether very high-resolution satellite imagery and machine learning can be used to automate the detection of African elephants in vast heterogeneous landscapes. This is achieved presenting a new method to monitor elephants (iv) I record the spatial relationship of African elephants in relation to the human footprint using GPS tracking data and satellite imagery. I show elephants readily adapt their foraging habits and itineraries, spatially and temporally in relation to human settlement. Accurate and up-to-date data is vital for effective wildlife conservation planning. Remote sensing technologies offer enhanced capabilities to understand the spatial relationship between wildlife and the increasing human footprint. This body of work contributes to the global wildlife conservation effort by devising methods that can enable more reliable data collection at larger spatial scales.