African Coastal Management (Environmental/Earth Science): a comparative evidence study of ENT pathways, implementation constraints, and policy implications in Africa

African coastal zones concentrate population, infrastructure and enterprise opportunity on shorelines that flood, erode and shift, creating a direct business problem of where viable entrepreneurship can endure. This comparative synthesis reframes coastal management in Africa as the governance of entrepreneurship pathways in fisheries and aquaculture value chains, coastal tourism and hospitality, and port-linked processing and trade, asking how environmental exposure reshapes enterprise viability and what institutional arrangements allow adaptation. Drawing on business scholarship on resources, capabilities and institutions alongside coastal vulnerability research, the article compares implementation constraints across diverse African settings and develops a geographic information systems demonstration for coastal Ghana centred on a composite spatial index combining Slope, Drainage density, Rainfall intensity, Land cover, Soil permeability, Elevation and Distance to channels. Figure 1 delineates administrative units, Figure 2 illustrates service-coverage buffers, Figure 3 presents a monthly time-series of the composite spatial index with fitted trend, and Figure 4 portrays kernel-density hotspot surfaces to guide siting, insurance and infrastructure choices.