An exploratory methodological approach to enhancing public health policy in Ghana's mining operations

Industrial mining significantly contributes to the economies and public revenues of numerous low- and lower-middle-income nations, with its importance set to grow due to the increasing demand for critical minerals in the energy transition. Concurrently, the negative externalities associated with large-scale mining are set to escalate if not rigorously managed. Among these adverse impacts, the negative effects on public health have long been disregarded in the governance of large-scale mining projects. This study examines the regulatory and policy landscape governing public health within impact assessment practices in large-scale mining operations, highlighting the inadequacy of current regulatory approaches, particularly the limited attention given to public health within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). Focusing on mineral-rich Ghana, we investigate stakeholder perceptions regarding the adequacy of current EIA policy frameworks in safeguarding public health. Applying Q-methodology, we explore diverse perspectives on policy action, priorities, and the involvement of relevant actors in shaping progressive public health regulation within the mining sector. Our findings offer valuable insights into the policy space and potential strategies for strengthening public health in mining activities, with implications for EIA environmental management practices. Moreover, our findings suggest that the divergent policy preferences uncovered in Ghana highlight key obstacles to greater public health consideration through the inclusion of Health Impacts Assessment (HIA), especially in contexts with limited administrative resources. Our study reveals how roles, responsibilities, and authority over impact assessment and mine licensing processes can significantly shape stakeholder policy preferences toward HIA.