Bayesian spatio-temporal modelling of child anemia in Ethiopia using conditional autoregressive model

Abstract Anemia is a common health problem for women and under five children in low income countries. According to the WHO, anemia is considered a serious public health problem when the prevalence is greater than 40%. The prevalence of anemia among children under five in Ethiopia changes over time, and is spatially correlated because it is influenced by environmental, socio-economic and other related factors. However, to our knowledge, there is no small area level estimates of anemia among children under five in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess zonal level estimates of anemia using a Bayesian spatio-temporal conditional autoregressive modeling approach. The data for the study was extracted from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) from 2005 to 2016. A sample of 18,939 children aged 6–59 months were considered for this study. A Bayesian spatio-temporal conditional autoregressive model was implemented to identify the risk of child anemia. Smoothed relative risks along with the 95% credible interval were reported. The queen’s adjacency matrix method was used in spatial smoothing and in estimating the relative risk. The prevalence of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in Ethiopia was 54% in 2005, 44% in 2011 and 57% in 2016. This study showed that low maternal education, low socio-economic status of women, and maternal anemia at zone level were strongly associated with child anemia in Ethiopia. Therefore, enhancing education for women, improving women's socioeconomic status, and mitigating maternal anemia are crucial to reduce the prevalence of childhood anemia in Ethiopia.