Bias, Fairness, Social Justice and the Social Consequences of Artificial Intelligence Deployment in Environmental Sustainability in Nigeria

Artificial Intelligence (AI) now plays a growing role in environmental sustainability. Systems powered by AI support climate modeling, pollution monitoring, resource management, and environmental decision-making. While these tools offer clear benefits, concerns about algorithmic bias, fairness, and social impact continue to grow, especially in developing countries. This study examines how bias, fairness, and social justice influence the deployment of AI technologies for environmental sustainability initiatives in Nigeria. A mixed-methods research design guided the study. Data was gotten from environmental professionals, policymakers, academics, and technology specialists across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and regression analysis assessed relationships among AI deployment, algorithmic bias, fairness in AI systems, governance transparency, and environmental sustainability outcomes. The analysis shows AI strengthens environmental monitoring, climate prediction, and resource management. At the same time, biased algorithms and unequal access to technology create social consequences that often affect vulnerable communities more strongly. The findings also show that transparent governance frameworks and inclusive datasets strengthen fairness and build public trust in AI-driven environmental decision systems and concludes that responsible AI governance remains essential for equitable and sustainable environmental outcomes as Nigeria advances through its digital sustainability transition.