Bridging the Gap in Malaria Diagnostics: An Attention-Centric YOLO Framework with Species-Specific Augmentation for Tiny Parasite Detection in Low-Resource Settings

Malaria remains a major health challenge in Africa, with accurate species identification critical for prompt treatment and control, especially in resource-limited settings like Rwanda. This study systematically benchmarks state-of-the-art detection architectures for automated multi-species malaria parasite detection from high-resolution Giemsa-stained blood smear images, addressing the persistent problems of class imbalance and the difficulty of detecting small Plasmodium falciparum ring forms. We evaluate and optimize YOLO-SPAM, YOLO-Para, and YOLOv12 models, applying a novel species-specific augmentation protocol with copy-paste and noise injection. YOLOv12, trained with these protocols, achieves outstanding overall performance ( , and demonstrates significant improvement in detecting small, clinically relevant P. falciparum parasites over non-attention YOLO methods). Comparative experiments reveal that targeted data augmentation and strategic model selection can overcome significant class imbalance, achieving reliable multi-species differentiation and precise localization even for morphologically subtle classes. Our findings validate the practical promise of advanced object detection models, such as YOLOv12, for malaria diagnosis workflows and support their future deployment in real-world microscopy labs in Rwanda and similar endemic regions.