Cestode and Trematode Infections in Sheep: Epidemiology, Economic Impact, and Control Strategies in Gondar, Central Gondar zone, Northwestern Ethiopia

Abstract Cestode and trematode infections are among the major parasitic diseases limiting sheep production in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. However, there is limited information on their combined epidemiology, economic impact, and control practices in the study area. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2024 to September 2025 to investigate the epidemiology, economic impact, and control strategies of cestode and trematode infections in sheep in Gondar, the Central Gondar zone, Northwestern Ethiopia. A total of 384 sheep were examined for cestode and trematode infections using flotation, sedimentation, and the McMaster method for egg count determination. In addition, a questionnaire survey was administered to 150 sheep owners to assess economic impact and parasite control practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) used to determine associations between risk factors and infection. The overall prevalence of cestode and trematode infections was 50.0% (95% CI: 45.0–55.0). Trematodes were more prevalent than cestodes, with Fasciola spp. (25.0%) being the most dominant parasite, followed by Paramphistomum spp. (14.06%), Schistosoma spp. (3.65%), and Moniezia spp. (7.29%). Logistic regression analysis showed that adult sheep (AOR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15–2.75), poor body condition (AOR = 3.50, 95% CI: 2.00–6.10), and extensive management systems (AOR = 2.90, 95% CI: 1.80–4.70) were significantly associated with infection (p < 0.05). The estimated total economic loss was 385,750 ETB, mainly due to mortality and reduced body weight. Although 73.3% of farmers were aware of parasitic infections, only 26.7% practiced regular deworming. In conclusion, cestode and trematode infections are highly prevalent and economically important in sheep production in the study area.