This data article presents a retrospective longitudinal dataset of adult HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) at Orile Agege General Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. The dataset spans a 10-year observation period from January 2015 to November 2025. It contains 3,773 unique patient records filtered from routine clinical management files. The data includes 17 demographic and clinical variables, such as sex, age, pregnancy status, weight, ART initiation date, regimen lines, CD4 count categories, viral load, tuberculosis (TB) status, clinical stage, and final treatment outcome (event status). This dataset is highly valuable for survival analysis. It provides the necessary variables to compute survival time, adjust for censoring, and evaluate how delayed ART initiation and clinical factors affect patient mortality.