Design of a PVT solar collector for household application

This study focuses on the design, simulation, and performance evaluation of a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) solar collector for household energy applications in Obuasi, Ghana. With the growing need for sustainable and efficient energy solutions, the research addresses challenges related to improving solar energy conversion efficiency and economic viability. Utilizing simulation tools, the system was analyzed under two scenarios: with and without a bio-nano catalyst. The inclusion of the bio-nano catalyst significantly enhanced performance, achieving a combined efficiency of 70.47% compared to 58.73% without the catalyst. Theoretical calculations revealed a PV efficiency of 23.7%, thermal efficiency of 52.37%, and a combined efficiency of 76.07%, with a PV output of 550 W and a thermal output of 333.67 W with an area of 2m2. The system demonstrated an economic advantage with annual energy savings of GHS 18 000 and a net present value (NPV) of GHS 133 691.92. This work highlights the bio-nano catalyst's role in optimizing heat transfer and reducing thermal losses, contributing to enhanced energy conversion and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Despite its small area of 1.18 m², the PVT system provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for household energy needs. Recommendations for further improvements include advanced PV materials, enhanced thermal management, and innovative coatings to achieve an efficiency of 80% or higher. The findings underscore the PVT system's potential to advance renewable energy adoption, supporting Ghana’s transition to a more sustainable energy future. This study analyzed the performance of a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) solar collector designed for household applications in Obuasi, Ghana, incorporating innovative features such as a bio-nano catalyst to enhance system efficiency. Theoretical calculations showed a photovoltaic (PV) efficiency of 23.7% and a thermal efficiency of 52.37%, resulting in a combined efficiency of 76.07%. The thermal and electrical outputs were 333.67 W and 550 W, respectively. Simulation results further emphasized the benefits of the bio-nano catalyst: without the catalyst, the system achieved a power output of 280 W and a combined efficiency of 58.73%, while integrating the catalyst increased the power output to 419.99 W and combined efficiency to 70.47%. This improvement highlights the catalyst's role in optimizing energy conversion and reducing losses. Economically, the system demonstrated annual energy savings of GHS 18,000 and a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, supporting its environmental sustainability. The payback period decreased from 7 years to a more favorable duration with the catalyst, and the return on investment (ROI) improved from 275.00%. The net present value (NPV) of GHS 133,691.92 and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of GHS 0.99 per kWh reinforce the system's financial viability. The limited area of the PVT collector (1.18 m²) and dependency on high solar irradiance pose challenges to scalability, but the inclusion of advanced components like the Bio-Nano catalyst ensures significant gains in both electrical and thermal performance. Overall, this research underscores the potential of PVT systems to provide sustainable, efficient, and economically viable energy solutions for households.