Development of Parametric Shape Grammar for Generative Systems of Zankwaye in Hausa architecture, Northern Nigeria

This study addresses the problem of diminishing knowledge of Zankwaye (pinnacles) and their role in Hausa traditional architecture, where cultural, symbolic, and structural functions remain undocumented in computational form. The aim is to develop a rule-based shape grammar system that encodes these elements into generative models, with objectives to extract formal rules, parametrize their geometry, and test cultural variations for design reproduction and conservation. Methodologically, the study examined 100 traditional Hausa houses and mosque buildings across Northern Nigeria using field surveys, photographic documentation, and archival sources. Shape grammar rules were derived through rule extraction tables and diagrammatic derivations, and parametric models were constructed to encode variables of height, diameter, spacing, and cultural style. Data analysis employed comparative modeling, generative testing, and expert validation to evaluate cultural fit and structural feasibility. Findings reveal that corner pinnacles (Zc) consistently dominate edge pinnacles (Zr) in hierarchy, with rhythmic repetition generating the iconic crown-like skyline. Rules such as gap modulation, hierarchy enforcement, and erosion simulation reproduce both intact and altered parapet conditions. The visual grammar diagrams confirm that Zankwaye follow predictable cultural rules while allowing parametric variability. The study concludes that a computational grammar can successfully capture and regenerate Hausa parapet traditions, balancing cultural symbolism and structural logic. It recommends embedding this grammar into digital heritage conservation tools, BIM libraries, and generative design platforms, ensuring the transmission of Hausa architectural identity while enabling new adaptive uses in contemporary design.