Digital Divide in the Maghreb: A Qualitative Systematic Review Based on the Digital Access Model of Van Dijk and Van Deursen, Following PRISMA Guidelines (Moher, 2009)

This study conducts a qualitative systematic review of the digital divide in the Maghreb region, encompassing Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, and Western Sahara, through the analytical lens of the five-level model of digital access proposed by Van Dijk and further refined in collaboration with Van Deursen between 2005 and 2015. The methodological design adheres to the PRISMA 2009 guidelines and is articulated through the SPIDER framework, allowing for a rigorous and context-sensitive synthesis of the available evidence. The initial search, carried out in early April 2025, yielded a total of 58 peer-reviewed scientific articles indexed in the Scopus database. From this corpus, 25 articles were selected for in-depth qualitative analysis, based on their empirical robustness and their theoretical alignment with the multidimensional framework of digital inequality. This review seeks to characterize the manifestations of digital exclusion in the Maghreb by identifying structural, territorial, and sociocultural determinants. Furthermore, it aims to reveal thematic and geographical gaps in the literature, with the ultimate goal of informing future research agendas and contributing to the formulation of digital inclusion policies that are both regionally grounded and socially equitable.