Distributions of commute timing.

The timing of morning (a, c) and evening commutes (b, d) for Ivory Coast (a, b) and Portugal (c, d), for individuals binned by their commute distances: <2.5 km (blue solid line), 2.5–5 km (red dashed line), 5–10 km (green dash-dotted line), 10–20 km (black solid line), and >20 km (cyan dashed line). The individual’s commute times in the morning and evening are estimated, respectively, by the time of the last call from home in the morning, and by the time of the first call from home in the evening. Fig. S3 shows the sample fit of such distribution to a Gaussian distribution.