Effectiveness of Training Programs in Improving Youth Employability in Kenya

ABSTRACT Youth unemployment remains a persistent socioeconomic challenge in Kenya, with limited formal employment opportunities constraining the capacity of young people to secure sustainable livelihoods. Skills development programmes have consequently become an important policy intervention for improving employability and strengthening youth economic participation. This study assessed the effectiveness of training programmes implemented under the Kenya Youth Employment and Opportunities Project (KYEOP) in improving youth employability among beneficiaries in Kibra, Mathare and Kasarani sub-counties of Nairobi County. A mixed-methods cross-sectional research design was adopted. Quantitative data were collected from 367 KYEOP beneficiaries selected through stratified random sampling, while qualitative evidence was obtained through 13 key informant interviews and three focus group discussions involving 20 beneficiaries. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression analysis, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings established a statistically significant positive relationship between training programme effectiveness and the sustainability of youth economic outcomes. Training programme effectiveness significantly predicted sustainability outcomes (β = 0.333, p < .001). However, the beneficiaries reported substantial shortcomings in the actual quality and relevance of training. Overall perceptions of training effectiveness were low (mean = 2.22), while 83.9% of respondents reported that their technical skills had not improved meaningfully, producing a mean score of 2.06 for technical skills improvement. Qualitative findings attributed these shortcomings to outdated curricula, inadequate practical exposure, limited alignment with labour market requirements and variations in trainer competence. The study concludes that participation in training alone does not guarantee improved employability; rather, the relevance, quality and practical orientation of training determine the extent to which skills can be translated into sustainable employment and livelihood outcomes. The study recommends competency-based curriculum reform, stronger employer participation in curriculum development, extended practical training and integration of digital skills across vocational training programmes. Keywords: youth employability, skills training, KYEOP, vocational training, sustainable livelihoods