Forest and biodiversity conservation for food and livelihood security: a review of opportunities and challenges of community-based approaches

The rapid decline in global biodiversity and forests, driven largely by cropland expansion and unsustainable land-use practices, poses an unprecedented challenge to ecological integrity and food security. These losses weaken critical ecosystem services (nutrient cycling, pollination, water regulation, and carbon sequestration), which underpin agricultural productivity and resilience. Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly vulnerable, as rural livelihoods remain deeply dependent on natural resources. This review examines current literature (2016 – 2026) from major databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, AGRIS, and Google Scholar on community-based approaches to biodiversity conservation and agri-food system transformation, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. Evidence from West and East Africa, including national case studies in Ghana and Kenya, suggests the potential effectiveness of participatory strategies, such as agroforestry, in restoring degraded ecosystems, conserving indigenous crops, and diversifying livelihoods. Research projects have demonstrated how community-driven conservation may enhance resilience by integrating ecological restoration with socio-economic stability. Findings underscore the importance of indigenous knowledge, gender inclusiveness, and co-management models in ensuring culturally appropriate and socially acceptable interventions. Looking forward, scaling climate-smart agriculture, agroforestry, and carbon markets provides pathways to integrate biodiversity conservation with climate adaptation, strengthen food security, empower local stewardship and livelihoods. This review contributes knowledge to guide sustainable food production decisions while conserving forests and biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and across the globe.