From barriers to adoption: how artificial intelligence (AI) challenges shape project management in Africa?

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a powerful enabler of transformation in project management across Africa. Even though its potential is widely recognized, the actual level of adoption remains limited. This study examines how four main categories of perceived barriers influence AI integration in project-based environments. Grounded in the technology, organization and environment (TOE) framework, the research followed a quantitative cross-sectional approach, based on data collected from 113 project professionals in five african countries. Analyses were conducted with SPSS (v.25) and SmartPLS (v.4). The analysis indicates that among the various categories of barriers considered, technological and organizational constraints exert the most significant negative influence on the adoption of artificial intelligence. In contrast, economic limitations and socioethical concerns appear to play a more marginal role. Interestingly, the data gathered across the five african countries surveyed reveal broadly consistent perceptions and trends in AI implementation. These findings draw attention to the decisive role played by robust digital infrastructure, clearly defined internal processes, and the readiness of human resources. Beyond the availability of technology itself, the study highlights the necessity for organizations to strengthen their internal capabilities and actively support change management efforts.