Gender inequality and social exclusion in Mvomero District, Tanzania: An intersectional analysis

The Intersectional Gender Analysis (IGA) is an analytical approach that examines how gender intersects with other social identities and systems of power to shape people’s experiences, opportunities, and outcomes. Grounded in the intersectionality framework as conceptualised by Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989), this study examines factors influencing gender inequality and social exclusion in Mvomero District, Tanzania. A multi-method approach was employed, combining quantitative household surveys with qualitative methods, including Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the Relative Importance Index (RII) to identify and rank key constraints, while qualitative data were analysed through thematic analysis to capture underlying social dynamics and norms. The findings reveal the widespread nature of gender disparities, with 85.6% of respondents recognising their presence within the community. Traditional norms, values, and practices were identified as key drivers of gender inequality and social exclusion. The analysis further uncovered significant barriers that limit women’s and persons with disabilities’ access to productive resources, particularly land, as well as their participation in leadership and decision-making processes. The study underscores the importance of inclusive and participatory decision-making systems in promoting gender equality and social inclusion. It concludes with context-specific recommendations to address structural inequalities, strengthen institutional responsiveness, and foster equitable access to resources and opportunities. Overall, the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how intersecting social identities shape development outcomes and highlight the need for transformative approaches to achieve inclusive community development.