Geolocated DHS clusters in Africa, colored by HDI.

Base map data from the spData package in R, derived from Natural Earth (public domain). Human Development Index (HDI) is sourced from Kammu et al. (2018). The figure depicts geolocated DHS clusters in Africa, categorized by HDI quintiles. Darker colors indicate higher levels of human development. Countries shaded in gray represent those included in the analysis. The figure was created by the author.