Geolocated DHS clusters in Africa, colored by NTL.

Base map data from the spData package in R, derived from Natural Earth (public domain). Nighttime lights data (NTL) is derived from Li et al. (2020). The figure depicts geolocated DHS clusters across Africa, overlaid with harmonized NTL data. Clusters are colored by NTL intensity (low to high), with darker shades representing higher light emissions. Countries included in the study are shaded in gray. The figure was created by the author.