Information Security and Privacy in Digital Ecosystems: Technologies, Policies, and Future Research Directions

This review examines the evolving relationship between information security and data privacy within increasingly interconnected digital ecosystems. Its purpose is to clarify how technological architectures, institutional arrangements, legal frameworks, organisational practices, and human behaviour collectively shape the protection of information, personal data, and digital trust. A structured narrative review approach was adopted, synthesising peer-reviewed scholarship, authoritative standards, regulatory analyses, and selected studies from developed and developing contexts, including Nigeria and other African economies. The synthesis was organised thematically to identify findings, unresolved tensions, and research priorities. The findings show that contemporary digital ecosystems have moved beyond bounded organisational systems toward platform-based, cloud-enabled, data-intensive, and cyber-physical environments characterised by distributed actors, complex data flows, and shared dependencies. Core security and privacy principles remain essential, but their effective application now requires identity assurance, zero-trust controls, privacy-enhancing technologies, lifecycle data governance, accountable platform design, and coordinated risk ownership. The review also identifies persistent threats arising from ransomware, phishing, insider behaviour, cloud misconfiguration, software supply chains, re-identification, adversarial artificial intelligence, and regulatory fragmentation. Legal protections have expanded internationally, yet disparities in enforcement capacity, institutional maturity, and cross-border coordination continue to limit consistent protection. The study concludes that trustworthy digital participation depends on the integration of technical safeguards, enforceable rights, organisational culture, and transparent governance. It recommends embedding security and privacy by design, strengthening incident preparedness, improving workforce competence, enhancing regulatory cooperation, and adopting measurable accountability mechanisms. Future research should prioritise explainable security analytics, post-quantum migration, decentralised identity, privacy-preserving computation, cyber-physical resilience, and context-sensitive frameworks capable of addressing the distinctive infrastructural and institutional realities of African digital ecosystems.