This paper reviews the evidence for and consequences of population pressure in an area of highland Tanzania. While intensification is found to be occurring, both soil improvement and soil productivity decline are evident. A household‐level, spatially disaggregated analysis is therefore adopted to understand the variegated pattern of population pressure outcomes. The approach is guided by structuration theory to gain a deeper understanding of the contexts and processes shaping different outcomes. Gender, wealth and land types are found to be influential variables affecting responses to population pressure in this case study.