Leveraging 5G, artificial intelligence and blockchain integration for accelerating digital economic outcomes in Botswana: A strategic framework for leapfrogging development

This study is concerned with the possible accelerated development of Botswana through the incorporation of fifth generation (5G) connectivity, edge-based artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain technologies into the digital economy. The study adopts a systematic review of secondary sources, guided by the PRISMA methodology, to achieve transparency and structure in the selection of evidence. The primary documents used come from multilateral agencies, policy documents, sectoral reports, and audited digital transformation statistics from Botswana and other African countries. Botswana's case study evidence is analyzed using the Digital Transformation of Africa survey while the framework evidence is analyzed through the prism of three principal pillars of digital infrastructure: connectivity, intelligence, and trust. The study also uses the theory of change model to connect foundational digital enablers, such as spectrum management, cybersecurity, and data governance, to economic productivity, institutional efficiency, and digital inclusion. The coordinated use of 5G technology, AI, and blockchain technology improves operational decision-making speed, lowers transaction costs, and enhances accountability in data-intensive settings. Evidence from digital credit processing, cross-border logistics, and agriculture shows that real-time data processing and automated verification systems improve operational efficiency. This study finds that digital inclusion increases remote onboarding, mobile-based service delivery, and alternative-data financial models, although inadequate data and rural connectivity gaps continue to slow adoption in many areas. The study outlines the need for a prioritized digital transformation strategy covering digital payments, trade logistics, agriculture, and integrated systems for national digital identity, data exchange, and public procurement that are verifiably secure.