<b>Traditional security systems as instruments of community-driven crime prevention and sustainable development in Nigeria: A routine activity theory perspective</b><b></b>

Nigeria continues to face persistent security challenges, including banditry, kidnapping, terrorism, armed robbery, and communal conflicts, which have negatively affected socio-economic development and public safety. Despite the presence of formal security institutions, limitations in manpower, resources, and community engagement have created gaps in crime prevention and security management. This study examines the role of traditional security systems as instruments of community-driven crime prevention and sustainable development in Nigeria. Drawing on the principles of Routine Activity Theory, the study conceptualizes traditional security actors such as vigilante groups, hunters, age-grade associations, palace guards, and community watch groups as capable guardians whose activities reduce criminal opportunities through surveillance, intelligence gathering, rapid response, and social control. Using a desk-based research approach and secondary sources, the study explores the historical evolution, structures, contributions, and challenges of traditional security systems in Nigeria. Findings reveal that traditional security mechanisms contribute significantly to crime prevention, intelligence sharing, social cohesion, and community stability, particularly in areas where formal policing is inadequate. The study further demonstrates that effective security promotes community development by creating a conducive environment for economic activities, governance participation, and social cooperation. However, challenges such as inadequate legal recognition, limited training, resource constraints, human rights concerns, political interference, and gender exclusion hinder the effectiveness of these systems. The study concludes that strengthening collaboration between traditional security actors and formal law enforcement agencies through legal recognition, capacity building, accountability frameworks, and community participation can enhance grassroots security governance and support sustainable community development in Nigeria.