Mapping malaria surveillance and reporting in Somalia’s health system: a scoping review

This scoping review maps how malaria cases are detected and reported within Somalia’s health system across Federal Somalia, Somaliland, and Puntland, from 2013, corresponding to the emergence of eDEWS and the implementation of IDSR, to the present. Following JBI methodology and the PRISMA-ScR checklist, the review examines how surveillance data flow from point-of-care diagnosis through subnational and national systems to international reporting mechanisms, including IDSR, DHIS2, and WHO reporting. It also explores the role of parallel humanitarian and community-based surveillance channels alongside formal Ministry of Health systems and identifies documented gaps, discontinuities, and breakdowns in the reporting chain. The unit of analysis is defined organizationally, focusing on surveillance and reporting structures rather than individual patients, and includes public health facilities, private providers, including those with limited or no interface with formal reporting systems, and humanitarian or NGO-run parallel surveillance systems. Given the fragmented nature of the evidence base across three separate health authorities, a scoping review approach was selected to map this fragmentation as a finding in itself rather than exclude or filter it out.