Object markers and agreement pronouns in Semitic languages

The term ‘Object Marker’ is used to refer to analytic particles or prepositions which signal the direct object status of a nominal. These are attested in a variety of forms in Semitic languages. For instance: ' eṯ , which is used in Hebrew and in the language of the Moabite stone, ' yt , which is attested in Phoenician and also in early Aramaic (e.g. Zakir inscription 5; Sefire I B/32, III/11, III/13; Aššur Ostracon 6). wt , which is found with a 3rd person pronominal suffix in the Old Aramaic Hadad inscription 28. yt , frequently employed in the Aramaic Targums (generally in slavish imitation of Hebrew ' eṯ ) and also in other Western Aramaic dialects, e.g. Nabataean, Palmyrene, and Galilean Aramaic; in Christian Palestinian Aramaic it occurs regularly before pronominal suffixes but not before full nouns. It is only sporadically found in the Eastern Aramaic dialects, e.g. in early Syriac (about 12 times in the Peshitta, once in the ‘Hymn of the Soul’) and in Biblical Aramaic (once— Dn 3/12). l -, used in many dialects of Aramaic as an Object Marker, also occasionally in the Hebrew of the Priestly Source (e.g. Num. 32: 15) and quite frequently in Late Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew. Akkadian ana , sometimes employed as an Object Marker in the later periods of the language, viz. Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, and Late Babylonian, also sporadically in other periods, e.g. Middle Assyrian. In the South Semitic area may be listed Arabic ' iyyā and Gə'əz kiyya , both of which are used only with pronominal suffixes; Gə'əz lā -; the suffix particle - n in Amharic and Gafat, and the prefix particles n - in Tigrinya and nä - or yä - in Soddo.