This chapter introduces the key constituent activities of the oil and gas industry and aims to outline the core benefits that the recent oil and gas discoveries in Kenya herald to the country's expectant population. It describes and analyzes the global oil and gas industry with a focus on its strategic, financial, and business aspects. It also identifies the opportunities for participation in the industry value chain through which the oil and gas revenues can be of benefit to the Kenyan people. However, the study's focus is on the creation of social value at the community or country level rather than on private shareholder value. Moreover, the chapter only examines upstream activities—that is, exploration and production—even though the implications might also apply to midstream and downstream activities.