<p>Flowchart of the research steps.</p>

Introduction–aims

Ethiopia has developed and preserved its indigenous script, which has played a significant role in shaping the country’s cultural and historical identity. Gəˀəz manuscripts represent an important component of this heritage; however, their long-term preservation is threatened by physical deterioration and environmental exposure. This study aimed to assess the preservation status and physical condition of Gəˀəz manuscripts at Qäranǝyo Mädḫane ˁAläm Church and to identify observable factors associated with their preservation status.

Methods

A cross-sectional observational inventory of 71 Gəˀəz manuscripts was conducted. Data were analyzed using STATA version 17. Manuscript preservation status was classified into five ordered categories: well-preserved, better condition, good condition, bad condition, and dangerous condition. An ordinal logistic regression model was used to examine associations between observable deterioration indicators and manuscript preservation status.

Results and interpretation

71 manuscripts were found at the church, comprising 13 (18.3%) from the fifteenth century, 2 (2.8%) from the sixteenth century, 42 (59.2%) from the seventeenth century, and 14 (19.7%) from the eighteenth century. Moreover, 11.3% of the manuscripts were classified as well-preserved, 26.8% as being in better condition, 31.0% in good condition, 23.9% in bad condition, and 7.0% in dangerous condition. Ordinal logistic regression showed that visible moisture damage, rodent damage, frequent handling, and insect infestation were significantly associated with poorer preservation status (P ≤ 0.001). These findings describe observable patterns and associations rather than causal relationships, highlighting the importance of routine condition assessment, improved storage environments, preventive conservation measures, and careful handling to support the long-term preservation of Gəˀəz manuscripts.