Parallel Use of Traditional and Allopathic Medicine: Pathways to Integrative Healthcare

Background: The concurrent use of traditional and allopathic medicine, termed parallel treatment, is prevalent in Ghana and other low- and middle-income countries. This study examined the prevalence, determinants, and implications of parallel treatment among adult patients in Accra, Ghana, and assessed attitudes toward integrating traditional medicine into formal healthcare. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at Agbeve Herbal Hospital and Weija-Gbawe Municipal Hospital, Accra. Using convenience sampling and Cochran’s formula, 188 adult patients (≥18 years) were enrolled. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests (SPSS v26.0; α = 0.05). Reporting adhered to the STROBE checklist for observational studies. Results: 27.2% of participants engaged in parallel treatment. Key determinants included cost-effectiveness (21.3%), easy access (16.0%), and perceived superior efficacy (14.9%). Only 11.6% of dual users disclosed their combined treatment to their allopathic physician. Gender (p = 0.034), religious affiliation (p = 0.033), and residence (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with reasons for parallel use; age and education were not. 82.4% of participants supported integrating traditional medicine into public hospitals. Conclusions: Parallel treatment is widespread and shaped by cultural, economic, and social factors rather than demographic characteristics alone. Patient non-disclosure and regulatory gaps remain significant barriers. Evidence-based policy reforms, practitioner training in herbal medicine, and strengthened regulatory oversight are needed to facilitate safe, integrated healthcare delivery in Ghana.