Potential Health Benefits of Edible Larvae: Identification and Quantification of Bioactive Compounds with Nutritional Benefits

Abstract Aim The larvae of Rhynchophorus phoenicis (Mpose) and Oryctes rhinoceros (Makokolo) are widely consumed and commercially traded in African markets, yet their chemical composition and biological activities remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to contribute to the scientific valorization of these two beetle larvae in the Democratic Republic of Congo by investigating their microscopic features, phytochemical profile, mineral composition, and antioxidant activity. Methods Microscopic examination of larval powders was performed using Steinmetz reagent. Phytochemical screening was carried out by thin-layer chromatography, and total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were quantified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Mineral composition was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and the in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated through ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays on aqueous extracts. Results Microscopical analysis revealed insect-specific histological elements and plant-derived microscopic features in both larval powders, consistent with incomplete digestion of phytophagous material. TLC phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes in both species. Higher total polyphenol content was observed in Oryctes rhinoceros larvae, whereas Rhynchophorus phoenicis larvae were found to be richer in flavonoids. Mineral analysis identified nutritionally relevant macroelements, including calcium and magnesium, and microelements, such as zinc, selenium, and manganese, at concentrations near or above recommended daily intakes. Both larval extracts demonstrated significant radical scavenging activity, with R. phoenicis exhibiting more potent antiradical effects than O. rhinoceros . Conclusions The phytochemical richness, nutritional mineral profile, and potent antioxidant capacities of both larvae support their potential health benefits and therapeutic relevance for populations consuming them. Our findings provide a scientific basis for the integration of R. phoenicis and O. rhinoceros larvae into functional food strategies to mitigate food insecurity and oxidative stress-related diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.