Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori-Implicated Peptic Ulcer Infection among University Undergraduates in Rivers State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Background: Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa of the stomach. It is a major cause of various gastrointestinal diseases, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of H. pylori among university undergraduates in Rivers State, Nigeria, using stool antigen and serum antibody rapid test methods, and to investigate associated risk factors. Methodology: A total of 200 undergraduate students aged 15–27 years from various universities in Port Harcourt were enrolled using stratified random sampling. Each participant completed a structured questionnaire covering demographic data, lifestyle factors, and personal hygiene practices. Blood (2 mL) and stool samples were collected and analyzed using rapid serology and stool antigen kits, respectively. Result: Of the 200 participants, 63 (31.5%) tested positive by rapid blood kit (serum antibody) and 56 (28.0%) tested positive by stool antigen kit, indicating active infection. The age group 19–22 years recorded the highest prevalence (16.5% blood; 14.5% stool), and students in 100–200 levels had the greatest infection burden. Females showed higher prevalence than males, though gender was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Age and year of study were significantly associated with infection (p = 0.000). Living with a person with peptic ulcer and sharing eating utensils were associated with higher infection risk. The rapid blood kit demonstrated higher sensitivity (100%) while the stool antigen kit demonstrated higher specificity (100%). Conclusion: These findings highlight a substantial burden of H. pylori infection in university settings, underscoring the need for targeted screening, awareness campaigns, and improved personal hygiene practices.