This dataset contains data used in a meta-analysis of rubber-based agroforestry systems (RAS) evaluating their effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) relative to monoculture rubber plantations. It compiles 70 peer-reviewed field studies with 1,300+ paired observations, including SOC means, variability, sample sizes, and associated moderators such as intercrop type, soil depth, experimental duration, nitrogen input, management pattern, and climate.The dataset supports effect-size calculation, meta-regression, sensitivity analysis, and publication-bias assessment of SOC responses in rubber agroforestry systems and is intended for reuse in quantitative syntheses.