Solid Waste Management in Underdeveloped Countries: Study of Nigeria and Nepal for Achieving Circularity and Sustainable Development Goals

The solid waste management system in underdeveloped countries lacks adequate infrastructure and efficient collection practices and has a limited focus on sustainability and circularity, causing environmental challenges and hindering socioeconomic prog-ress. This review paper employed a methodology involving the purposive selection of one underdeveloped country each from Africa and Asia with the aim of identifying current solid waste management practices, analyzing circularity in waste management, assessing policy measures, evaluating progress towards achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), and recommending effective waste manage-ment processes in Nigeria and Nepal. Researchers from these countries conducted a comprehensive literature search and analysis using secondary literature and case studies of solid waste management. The study revealed that both countries face challenges such as low re-cycling rates, inadequate waste collection services, and improper disposal methods. However, there is significant potential for waste re-covery and circular economy practices due to the high proportion of recyclable and compostable waste in their waste streams. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive waste management plans, improved recycling capabilities, and promoting public awareness and participation in waste reduction and recycling efforts. Collaboration between the government, private sector, and informal sector is cru-cial in developing innovative solutions and establishing effective waste management practices. Adopting circular economy principles can help minimize waste generation, conserve resources, reduce environmental pollution, and contribute to the achievement of SDGs.