Triangulation as a Methodological Tool for Examining Political Party Financing and Voting Behaviour in North Central Nigeria

Elections constitute a fundamental pillar of democracy, serving as the primary mechanism through which representatives are chosen and held accountable. However, the integrity of electoral processes is heavily influenced by the nature and management of political party financing. In Nigeria, as in many democracies, the sources and deployment of electoral funds have raised significant concerns regarding transparency, accountability, and their consequent impact on voter behaviour. This study examines the nexus between political party financing and voting behaviour in North Central Nigeria, employing methodological triangulation to enhance the validity and depth of the inquiry. By integrating quantitative and qualitative data, the research investigates the extent, motivations, and effects of party funding on electoral choices and democratic governance in the region. Drawing on a survey of 800 voters, interviews with 133 political party executives, and focus group discussions with election observer groups across Benue and Kogi States, the study reveals that unregulated political party financing significantly impacts voting behaviour, with vote-buying and material inducements shaping electoral outcomes. The findings indicate that the All Progressives Congress (APC) and Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) exceeded the N1 billion campaign spending limit in the 2019 general elections, spending N4.6 billion and N3.3 billion respectively, without submitting required audited financial reports (Independent National Electoral Commission [INEC], 2020). The study contributes to policy discussions on campaign finance reform and the strengthening of democratic institutions in Nigeria.