Understanding the role of the private sector in rural electrification: the case of implementation of mini-grid projects in Mozambique

Purpose This study analyses the role of private sector involvement in the deployment of mini-grids projects in rural Mozambique. Design/methodology/approach Based on a qualitative phenomenological design and using the Gioia methodology for data analysis, the study analyses data from 13 in-depth interviews with representatives from government institutions, and local companies, the findings show that decision-making authority is concentrated within a small number of public institutions, while coordination mechanisms across actors remains limited. Findings Private engagement occurs mainly through short-term technical contracts with minimal influence over planning, design or long-term operational arrangements. Regulatory gaps, overlapping institutional mandates and the absence of enabling mechanisms such as clear licensing pathways, concession frameworks or structured platforms for public-private interaction further restrict the scope of private participation. Research limitations/implications The study advances understanding of how institutional arrangements shape private sector participation in state-led mini-grid systems. However, the findings are context-specific and based on qualitative evidence, limiting broader generalization. Practical implications Strengthening private sector participation requires greater regulatory clarity, improved coordination mechanisms and governance arrangements that enable broader operational responsibilities. Social implications Enhanced public–private collaboration can improve the sustainability of rural electrification, contributing to better service delivery and expanded energy access for rural communities. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on decentralized electrification by providing empirical grounded insights into how centralized governance structures shape private sector roles and constraints in mini-grid implementation. The findings highlight the need for institutional reforms that strengthen coordination, clarify regulatory procedures and expand opportunities for private actors to engage beyond project execution, supporting a more collaborative and sustainable model for expanding energy access.