A Decision Support Framework for Solar PV System Selection in SMMEs Using a Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis Technique

South African small, medium and micro enterprises, particularly township-based spaza shops, face barriers to adopting solar photovoltaic systems due to upfront costs, regu- latory uncertainty, and limited technical capacity. This article presents a reproducible methodology for evaluating and selecting solar photovoltaic systems that jointly considers economic, technological, and legal/policy criteria for such enterprises. We apply multi- criteria decision making using the Multi-Objective Optimization by the Ratio Analysis method, integrating simulation-derived techno-economic metrics with a formal policy- alignment score that reflects registration requirements, tax incentives, and access to green finance. Ten representative system configurations are assessed across cost and benefit crite- ria using vector normalization and weighted aggregation to enable transparent, like-for-like comparison. The analysis indicates that configurations aligned with interconnection and incentive frameworks are preferred over non-compliant options, reflecting the practical influence of policy eligibility on investability and risk. The framework is lightweight and auditable, designed so that institutional actors can prepare shared inputs while installers, lenders, and shop owners apply the ranking to guide decisions. Although demonstrated in a South African context, the procedure generalizes by substituting local tariffs, irradiance, load profiles, and jurisdiction-specific rules, providing a portable decision aid for small enterprise energy transitions.