African National Artificial Intelligence Strategies: A review, analysis and research agenda

Some countries have developed their national artificial intelligence strategies (NAISs) while others have formed task forces to develop them. This study reviewed elements and concepts required to develop NAIS, related science, technology and innovation (STI) strategies, policies and manifestos.  Some of these elements and concepts apply to both developing and developed countries while some others are specific to one of them. STI elements and concepts apply to artificial intelligence strategies since AI technology is a specialization of STI technologies.   The concepts and elements identified by this study can aid strategy creators by providing important insights for creating NAISs. For instance, catch-up strategies based on learning from a country with similar past technology, catch-up successes, and others who have created NAISs are a low-cost way for developing and implementing NAISs.