An African origin for <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>

ABSTRACT Background and objectives Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae are two of the most important agents of tuberculosis (TB) in livestock and the most important causes of zoonotic TB in humans. However, little is known about the global population structure, phylogeography and evolutionary history of these pathogens. Methodology We compiled a global collection of 3364 whole-genome sequences from M. bovis and M. caprae originating from 35 countries and inferred their phylogenetic relationships, geographic origins and age. Results Our results resolved the phylogenetic relationship among the four previously defined clonal complexes of M. bovis , and another eight newly described here. Our phylogeographic analysis showed that M. bovis likely originated in East Africa. While some groups remained restricted to East- and West Africa, others have subsequently dispersed to different parts of the world. Conclusions and implications Our results allow a better understanding of the global population structure of M. bovis and its evolutionary history. This knowledge can be used to define better molecular markers for epidemiological investigations of M. bovis in settings where whole genome sequencing cannot easily be implemented.