Artificial Intelligence for Green Logistics in Emerging Economies: A Policy Framework for Nigeria's Sustainable Development

The growing demand for environmentally sustainable logistics has increased the need for cutting-edge solutions that enhance operational efficiency while reducing environmental impacts. This paper examines how artificial intelligence (AI) can contribute to environmental sustainability and green logistics and proposes a policy framework to accelerate sustainable logistics development in Nigeria. A qualitative review approach was adopted, drawing on contemporary academic literature, international sustainability reports, and industry case studies on AI-enabled logistics. The literature was systematically synthesized using thematic analysis to identify recurring themes, applications, benefits, challenges, and policy requirements associated with AI adoption in green logistics. The findings indicate that AI technologies, including machine learning, predictive analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, digital twins, robotics, autonomous vehicles, computer vision, and natural language processing, can significantly improve logistics performance through predictive maintenance, route optimization, demand forecasting, inventory and warehouse management, reverse logistics, and continuous carbon-emission monitoring. These applications enhance supply chain efficiency and resilience while reducing fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, operating costs, and waste. However, major barriers to AI adoption include inadequate digital infrastructure, high implementation costs, cybersecurity risks, limited skilled human resources, and weak regulatory frameworks. In response, the study proposes a conceptual policy framework centred on investment in digital infrastructure, AI governance, public-private partnerships, research and innovation, and capacity building. The framework aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9, 11, 12, 13, and 17. The paper concludes that AI represents a strategic enabler of green logistics and offers practical policy recommendations for researchers, industry practitioners, and governments seeking to accelerate the transition towards sustainable logistics in Nigeria and other emerging economies.