Assessment Of Heavy Metals And Micro Nutrients In Milo And Some Selected Sachet Milk Brands Consumed In Gombe Using Xrf Machine

This study assessed the concentrations of heavy metals and micronutrients in Milo and selected sachet milk brands consumed in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria, using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. The objective was to evaluate both the nutritional quality and potential health risks associated with these widely consumed beverages. Four samples comprising three milk brands and one Milo sample were collected from Gombe Main Market and analyzed for elemental composition. The results revealed the presence of essential micronutrients such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and copper at significantly elevated concentrations. Notably, calcium (281,500–320,140 ppm) and potassium (193,440–220,000 ppm) were found in extremely high amounts, suggesting possible fortification or concentration beyond standard dietary levels. Iron concentration was exceptionally high in the Milo sample (13,079 ppm), indicating heavy fortification. Conversely, toxic heavy metals such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) were not detected in any of the samples, indicating minimal contamination from these hazardous elements. However, the concentrations of some trace elements, particularly copper and zinc, exceeded permissible limits recommended by international standards (WHO/FAO), raising concerns about potential health risks associated with excessive intake. The findings suggest that while the products are rich in essential nutrients, their unusually high elemental concentrations may pose risks of mineral toxicity if consumed regularly. In conclusion, Milo and sachet milk sold in Gombe are significant sources of micronutrients but require continuous monitoring and regulatory control to ensure consumer safety