Assessment of Landslide Hazards and Housing Evolution within the Bamenda Escarpment Zone, Cameroon

The Bamenda Escarpment Zone, covering approximately 8.4 km² along the North-Western stretch of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, is highly susceptible to landslides, particularly during the rainy season. This study assessed community perceptions of landslide hazards and housing evolution in the area over a 40-year period (1980–2020), using both primary and secondary data, including Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Findings indicate limited awareness of landslide frequency among residents: 43% of respondents did not know how often landslides occur, 40% believed they are infrequent, 10% stated they occur often, and 7% perceived them as very frequent. This perception is partly influenced by comparisons with more landslide-prone areas such as Limbe. Socio-demographic data show that 73% of respondents were female and 27% male, with the majority aged between 28 and 47 years. Farmers (24%) and unskilled workers (24%) formed the largest occupational groups, followed by business persons (20%) and the unemployed (20%). Educational attainment varied, with 36% high school graduates, 30% primary school leavers, and 17% each for secondary and university graduates. The study revealed significant spatio-temporal expansion of settlements between 1980 and 2020, increasing exposure to landslide risk. Community perceptions of landslide causes, frequency, and impacts were strongly shaped by socio-demographic characteristics. Although some coping strategies exist, they remain largely ineffective. A positive relationship was identified between landslide risk perception and housing evolution. The study recommends strengthening community empowerment through education, emergency preparedness, and first aid training to enhance resilience.