Barriers and opportunities for management of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements in Kenya

Abstract Background Sharing of sanitation is commonly being practiced in low income areas in Sub Saharan Africa. However, the JMP categorizes shared sanitation as a limited sanitation service due to concerns of cleanliness and safety. The shared facilities are often the only option available for most of the residents in low income settlements, and improving the management is key to reducing open defecation and risk of disease. This study sought to investigate barriers and opportunities for improved management of shared sanitation in low income settlements of Kisumu in Kenya.Methods Thirty nine In-depth interviews and 11 Focus group discussions were held with residents, including tenants and landlords. Analysis followed a thematic approach to define the problem, specify the target behaviour and define what needs to change.Results Pit latrines were commonly shared among landlords and tenants. Shared sanitation facilities were unclean due to poor use and lack of cleaning. As respondents specified attributes of clean and useable shared toilets, they also identified behavioural, physical, social and motivational opportunities for improvement, and the key stakeholders that should be involved in shared sanitation interventions. Social opportunities such as clear cleaning plans, communication, and problem solving mechanisms between landlords and tenants were most commonly reported.Conclusion The results highlight the need to focus on social aspects for improvement of shared sanitation management in low income settlements. Through a social approach, shared sanitation facilities can be managed appropriately to afford the millions of low income dwellers an opportunity to access sanitation. This study provides further evidence on approaches for improved management of shared sanitation facilities in line with the JMP’s recommendation for well managed shared facilities.