Beyond SSO: Mobile Money Authentication for Inclusive e-Government in Sub-Saharan Africa

The rapid adoption of Mobile Money Services (MMS) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) offers a viable path to improve e-Government service accessibility in the face of persistent low internet penetration. However, existing Mobile Money Authentication (MMA) methods face critical limitations, including susceptibility to SIM swapping, weak session protection, and poor scalability during peak demand. This study introduces a hybrid MMA framework that combines Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD)-based multi-factor authentication with secure session management via cryptographically bound JSON Web Tokens (JWT). Unlike traditional MMA systems that rely solely on SIM-PIN verification or smartphone-dependent biometrics, our design implements a three-factor authentication model; SIM verification, PIN entry, and session token binding, tailored for resource-constrained environments. Simulations and comparative analysis against OAuth-based Single Sign-On (SSO) methods reveal a 45% faster authentication time (8 seconds vs. 12 to 15 seconds), 15% higher success under poor network conditions (95% vs. 80%), and increased resistance to phishing and brute-force attacks. Penetration testing and threat modeling further demonstrate a substantial reduction in vulnerability exposure compared to conventional approaches. The primary contributions of this work are: (1) a hybrid authentication protocol that ensures offline accessibility and secure session continuity; (2) a tailored security framework addressing threats like SIM swapping and social engineering in SSA; and (3) demonstrated scalability for thousands of users with reduced infrastructure overhead. The proposed approach advances secure digital inclusion in SSA and other regions with similar constraints.