This dataset contains NIRS spectral data with lab reference data on maltose collected on 100 boiled sweet potato genotypes harvested in 2023 and 2024 seasons at the International Potato Center in Uganda. This work was supported by the RTBfoods project, through a grant OPP1178942: Breeding RTB products for end user preferences (RTBfoods), to the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France, by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).