Breeding maize genotypes for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance through conventional approaches: A systematic review

Abstract Since the introduction of the fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) into the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in 2016, the pest has emerged as a major threat to maize production and food security. Developing maize cultivars with native genetic resistance, alongside high yield potential, nutritional quality, market acceptability, and climate resilience, is essential for sustaining smallholder farming systems. This study systematically reviews conventional breeding approaches for fall armyworm resistance in maize and identifies resistant germplasm adapted to SSA conditions. This review follows PRISMA 2020 guidelines and draws on multiple databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CAB Abstracts, and CGIAR repositories. From 2,301 records initially retrieved, 44 studies met the inclusion criteria after screening and eligibility assessment. Evidence indicates substantial progress in breeding for fall armyworm resistance using conventional approaches such as recurrent selection, backcrossing, and structured mating designs (diallel, line × tester, and North Carolina designs). Resistance sources are primarily derived from tropical germplasm and populations previously selected for stem borer and South-Western Corn-Borer resistance. However, breeding programs in SSA are constrained by limited funding, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient technical capacity. Despite these challenges, conventional breeding remains a viable and scalable strategy for developing fall armyworm-resistant maize varieties for African agroecosystems.