The Mental Health Continuum Short Form measures both the private and public aspects of overall positive mental health. This study explored the factor structure of English (n = 324), Afrikaans (n = 476), and Setswana (n = 258) versions of the scale among culturally diverse South African students. A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling model displayed superior fit, with the overall scale but not the subscales attaining sufficient reliability. The “social integration” and “social contribution” items appeared to provide a better representation of overall mental health (and psychological well-being for social integration) than the intended social well-being dimension, and the psychological well-being items mainly represented general mental health in the African group. These findings suggest the need for a culturally sensitive clarification of the private to public continuum in the conceptualization and manifestation of eudaimonic well-being. The scale exhibited partial scalar invariance across the groups.