Complexities of elder livelihoods: Changing age-inscriptions and stable norms in three villages in rural West Africa

The intergenerational contract seems to be a dominant social norm of senior care all over the world, in which  older adults are cared for reciprocally by those for whom they have cared. Yet in three villages in northern  Benin and northern Togo, this intergenerational norm seems to be breached, with older adults living alone  and in poverty. However, standardized surveys from a comparative research project established that kin  groups do not abandon their older adults, if one considers the kin group to be containing classificatory  children instead of the nuclear family with biological children and remittances to substitute for daily care.  This article argues that the apparent contradictions between the intergenerational contract and the actual  practices of providing care in old age are not so stark. The creative living arrangements of older adults in  response to social changes of migration do not challenge the intergenerational contract, but instead are the  ways of fulfilling it. The analytical concept of age-inscription (see Alber & Coe in this issue) helps to explain  the gap between discursive norms and individual creative solutions of senior care. The social norm of the  intergenerational contract persists through new age-inscriptions.