Dengue fever outbreak investigation in Kadjebi District, Ghana 2024

Introduction: Dengue fever is an arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and is increasingly recognized in tropical areas where clinical overlap with malaria complicates diagnosis. In July 2024, two confirmed dengue cases were notified in Kadjebi District, Ghana, prompting a field investigation to confirm, characterize the outbreak, and guide control measures. Methods: A descriptive outbreak investigation was conducted using line list data, active case search, and environmental assessment. Suspected cases were defined as residents of the district presenting with acute febrile illness of 2–7 days’ duration with at least two compatible symptoms from July 1, 2024, to August 16, 2024. Serum samples were tested using rapid antigen detection and serological assays (IgM and IgG). Descriptive analysis summarized person, place, and time characteristics. Results: A total of 62 suspected cases were identified, with a median age of 19 years (IQR: 5–58); 54.8% were female. Farmers (48.4%) and students (24.2%) were the most affected groups. Only 9.7% of cases were IgG positive, while all samples tested negative for antigen and IgM. The epidemic curve showed a sharp rise in early August 2024, followed by a rapid decline. Environmental assessment for 60 households identified multiple potential Aedes breeding sites, including discarded tyres 18(30%), natural water-holding sites 14(23.3%), blocked gutters 10 (16.7%), and uncovered water containers 7(11.7%). Conclusion: The investigation identified a cluster of past infections of dengue fever illness in Kadjebi district with ecological conditions favourable for Aedes breeding. However, laboratory findings did not indicate acute dengue infection. Integrated vector control and household environmental sanitation targeted at the elimination of mosquito breeding sites, alongside improved surveillance, is recommended to prevent potential dengue transmission.