Development of Low-Cost Sensors for Urban Air Quality Monitoring in Mali

This study addresses a current research gap in Physics concerning Development of Low-Cost Sensors for Environmental Monitoring of Air Quality in Urban Areas in Mali. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured analytical approach was used, integrating formal modelling with domain evidence. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Development of Low-Cost Sensors for Environmental Monitoring of Air Quality in Urban Areas, Mali, Africa, Physics, protocol This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.