Directedeness, correlations, and daily cycles in springbok motion: from data over stochastic models to movement prediction

How predictable is the next move of an animal? Specifically, which factors govern the short- and long-term motion patterns and the overall dynamics of landbound, plant-eating animals and ruminants in particular? To answer this question, we here study the movement dynamics of springbok antelopes Antidorcas marsupialis. We propose complementary statistical analysis techniques combined with machine learning approaches to analyze, across multiple time scales, the springbok motion recorded in long-term GPS-tracking of collared springboks at a private wildlife reserve in Namibia. As a new result, we are able to predict the springbok movement within the next hour with a certainty of about 20\%. The remaining 80\% are stochastic in nature and are induced by unaccounted factors in the modeling algorithm and by individual behavioral features of springboks. We find that directedness of motion contributes approximately 17\% to this predicted fraction. We find that the measure for directedeness is strongly dependent on the daily cycle. The previously known daily affinity of springboks to their water points, as predicted from our machine learning algorithm, overall accounts for only 3\% of this predicted deterministic component of springbok motion. Moreover, the resting points are found to affect the motion of springboks at least as much as the formally studied effects of water points. The generality of these statements for the motion patterns and their underlying behavioral reasons for other ruminants can be examined on the basis of our statistical analysis tools. 17 pages, 9 figures, RevTeX