Drivers of Transformations in Smallholder Indigenous Vegetable Value Chains in Western Kenya: Evolution of Contract Farming

Horticultural farmers, especially vegetable producers are characterized by poor access to inputs such as credit and operate in unreliable inputs and outputs markets. Empirical evidence shows that contract farming can potentially solve these constraints. However, contract violation is evident among smallholder farmers in many developing countries. This study assessed the main drivers of recent transformations in AIVs value chains including the emerging forms of and drivers of contract violation among smallholder farmers in Western Kenya. Results from analysis of data from a focused group discussion and key informant interviews showed that climate change and technology are among the key drivers.